Ningfei Wang (University of California, Irvine), Shaoyuan Xie (University of California, Irvine), Takami Sato (University of California, Irvine), Yunpeng Luo (University of California, Irvine), Kaidi Xu (Drexel University), Qi Alfred Chen (University of California, Irvine)

Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) is crucial for safe and correct driving automation. Recent works revealed a general vulnerability of TSR models to physical-world adversarial attacks, which can be low-cost, highly deployable, and capable of causing severe attack effects such as hiding a critical traffic sign or spoofing a fake one. However, so far existing works generally only considered evaluating the attack effects on academic TSR models, leaving the impacts of such attacks on real-world commercial TSR systems largely unclear. In this paper, we conduct the first large-scale measurement of physical-world adversarial attacks against commercial TSR systems. Our testing results reveal that it is possible for existing attack works from academia to have highly reliable (100%) attack success against certain commercial TSR system functionality, but such attack capabilities are not generalizable, leading to much lower-than-expected attack success rates overall. We find that one potential major factor is a spatial memorization design that commonly exists in today's commercial TSR systems. We design new attack success metrics that can mathematically model the impacts of such design on the TSR system-level attack success, and use them to revisit existing attacks. Through these efforts, we uncover 7 novel observations, some of which directly challenge the observations or claims in prior works due to the introduction of the new metrics.

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Yansong Gao (The University of Western Australia), Huaibing Peng (Nanjing University of Science and Technology), Hua Ma (CSIRO's Data61), Zhi Zhang (The University of Western Australia), Shuo Wang (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Rayne Holland (CSIRO's Data61), Anmin Fu (Nanjing University of Science and Technology), Minhui Xue (CSIRO's Data61), Derek Abbott (The University of Adelaide, Australia)

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Yuxi Wu (Georgia Institute of Technology and Northeastern University), Jacob Logas (Georgia Institute of Technology), Devansh Ponda (Georgia Institute of Technology), Julia Haines (Google), Jiaming Li (Google), Jeffrey Nichols (Apple), W. Keith Edwards (Georgia Institute of Technology), Sauvik Das (Carnegie Mellon University)

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Hyunwoo Lee (Ohio State University), Haohuang Wen (Ohio State University), Phillip Porras (SRI), Vinod Yegneswaran (SRI), Ashish Gehani (SRI), Prakhar Sharma (SRI), Zhiqiang Lin (Ohio State University)

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